The Army And The Police Force - 878 Words

The Army and the Police Force The Police Force on the one hand, is a local law enforcer that saves lives and protects property, and on the other hand, the Army is both an international and local entity that also performs the operation of saving lives and the protection of property. The Army belongs to the Military, who risk their lives by fighting wars in order to protect the country and the lives of people. The Army and the Police Force share a huge sum of similarities, such as their purpose; which is saving lives and protecting property, and who are responsible for the promotion of peace and unity. At the same time, they have some differences, such as; the availability of scholarships and education grants in the army, the ability to explore round the world, get retirement benefits, and of course, get special treatment when one becomes an Army veteran. The Police Force and the Army both belong to the Department of Defense, which implies that they are both involved in the defense of the state or country. The Police Force collects and communicates intelligence affecting the public peace to the competent authority, prevents the commission of offenses and public nuisance, detects and brings offenders to justice, and apprehends all persons that it is legally authorized to apprehend. The Army engages in fighting wars for its country, achieving sustained land dominance, and destroying an enemy or keeping the peace. The Army and the Police Force are bodies that defend theirShow MoreRelatedP4 Describe, with Examples, the Impact of Government Policies on Different Public Services.906 Words   |  4 Pagesexamples, the impact of government Policies on different public services. British army The government will take cuts from the amount of power the British army has, this means that the army would have limited amount they can do to win wars and help other countries with their problems. The British Army presence in Germany will end by 2020 this means that The Basing Plan sets out the location changes for the Army and also confirms the drawdown of all units from Germany by 2020. The plan has transitionedRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Apples And Oranges1748 Words   |  7 Pagescomparing and contrasting, the phrase â€Å"apples and oranges† might come to mind. I thought about using apples and oranges, but in the end I chose to stick with what I know. I chose the age old sibling rivalry of the military, or more specifically, the Army and the Airforce. Being a part of an organization in the military is always going to cause you to be biased against the others. You believe that your branch is best, due to the pride that you feel from being a member of it. There has been many anRead MoreIndependence During The War For Independence1512 Words   |  7 Pagesbut massive widespread banditry. Bandits and the police aspired too many roles in Mexico before and after the war on independence. These roles by both bandits and the police were backed by motivations that changed over time but some that stayed the same. The changes that happen were led by the reformation of a rural police force in Mexico and also the rise/reign of Porfirio Diaz that brought about supporters with a long rule. The bandits and police had many roles in Mexican society after the WarRead MoreMilitary Appearance and Uniform1045 Words   |  5 Pageswearing uniforms to be identify in the job that they do an the Army has the uniform to show that a member wearing it is a soldier and that’s what makes it so important. An Army uniform is actually described in Army regulations and Federal law allows military uniforms to be only worn by persons serving in the military. 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The Ieee Code Of Ethics First Rule Essay - 1997 Words

The IEEE Code of Ethics first rule is that engineers must make decisions consistent with the safety, health, and welfare of the public. The definition of safety or health can be unclear, especially for engineers when it comes to the medical device industry. In the medical device industry, the rapid increase of technology decreases the ability for regulations to keep up. When looking at job requirements for medical device engineers, one of the major requirements is to know the FDA guidelines on medical devices. The FDA guidelines are what engineers follow when it comes to designing. The FDA has its own goal to put products on the market that are safe and effective. The FDA, though, must also satisfy congressional goals which is for the public to get quick access to better medical devices. There are some faults found in the FDA guidelines, such as loopholes that industries take advantage of. 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Epic Poetry and Beowulf Essay Example For Students

Epic Poetry and Beowulf Essay Beowulf Is an epic poem with various themes and is in Anglo-Saxon literature. It may be a more complicated poem compared to our modern epics. But with the latest translation or version, one can understand the themes of Beowulf and its meanings. Not only does Beowulf include various themes, but it also includes several kinds of styles and writing techniques such as; epithets, litotes, kennings, etc. These techniques and themes make Beowulf an epic poem, meaning that It had a great impact on the culture and showed the heroines of Beowulf. There are several themes in Beowulf, but the most notable themes are; bravery, revenge, and violence. In the epic, Beowulf shows a lot of courage and bravery defeating monsters at a young age, thus Increasing his reputation and the visiting to Hero. Revenge Is displayed on both sides of the epic, meaning that Beowulf seeks revenge as much as a monster seeks revenge against Beowulf. The last theme is violence. Being a heroic epic, of course you will read lots of violence, gore, and Imagery. The way Beowulf shows bravery, is by being a young man who travels to Hero, because the people are In need of a brave person to slay Greened, a monster. For example, Yet the prince of the rings was too proud to line up with a large army against the sky plague. He had scant regard for the dragon as a threat, no dread at all of its courage or strength, for he had kept going often in the past, through perils and ordeals of every sort, after he had purged Hoarders hall, triumphed In Horror and beaten Greened (2345-2353). Beowulf shows his bravery even 50 years after his encounter with Grenades mom. He is completely unafraid of the dragon and chooses to fight without an army, one-on-one, the way he fought Greened and his mother in his earlier years. Revenge is also a big theme In Beowulf. Wise sir, do not grieve. It Is always better to avenge dear ones than to Indulge In mourning. For every one of us, living in this world means waiting for our end. Let whoever can win glory before death. When a warrior is gone, that will be his best and only bulwark (1384-1389). This shows vengeance since Grenades mother sought revenge since her son was murdered. Now she had surprised and attacked men, and that is when Beowulf wanted to seek his revenge on Grenades mother. Violence plays a major role in this epic too. When a chance came, he caught the hero in a rush of flame and clamped sharp fangs into his neck. Beowulf body ran wet with his life-blood: It came welling out (2690-2693). This quote Is one of many violence scenes that show how brutal the fights were between Beowulf and all three monsters. Together, these three themes make up the majority of the themes portrayed in Beowulf. Not only are there several themes in Beowulf, but the unknown author also used various styles such as; kennings and epithets. There are much more styles In this Anglo-Saxon literature, but the most viewed or read are, the epithets and kennings. Examples of kennings include; Shield- Bearers (1402), War-gear (1442), Fine- webbed mail (1443). These are only a few of many examples of kennings in Beowulf. The reason they are kennings, Is because these description are used to describe things or Just simply name something. Like Shield; Bearers, means the warriors, soldiers, or men. The author calls them shield bearers because he or she used a 1 OFF the soldiers armor and so does Fine-webbed mail but it can also mean their chain mail. Another style of writing used in Beowulf, is epithets. Epithets are used to give a description or to characterize someone or something. Such as ring-giver (1 101), sea-lanes (1 156), God-cursed brute (121). These examples of epithets are used to characterize certain things. Like thering-giver is used to characterize the king. Sea- lanes translates to the ocean. Lastly, God-cursed brute is used to characterize or describe Greened, the monster that Beowulf kills. This technique helps the author by using more words to Just simply describe one word, name, or object. This helps the authors literature. Kennings are another style that helps the author. It is another form that is used to describe one word, name, or object by using two or more words. Overall these few out of many t echniques or styles helps the authors literature and heir word choice makes the epic poem better. .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 , .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .postImageUrl , .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 , .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:hover , .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:visited , .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:active { border:0!important; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:active , .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0 .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3063a9a4345e1ad0ec44dcbd0c6ed1e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dead Poets Society: The Influence Of Transcendental Thinking EssayWith the help of various themes and styles, Beowulf proves to be an epic poem. The themes portrayed in this epic poem show bravery, of how Beowulf defeats two monsters at a young age, and how 50 years later, Beowulf once again shows his courage by slaying a dragon which ended his life, making his greatest sacrifice for his people. Beowulf shows revenge various times. The first when, 30 men are eaten by Greened, therefore making the King of Hero, seek revenge and call upon Beowulf to kill Greened. Once he kills Greened, Grenades mother seeks revenge on Beowulf by reprising and attacking a group of men.

Verhllung Des Reichstags Essay Research Paper CHRISTO free essay sample

Verh? llung Des Reichstags Essay, Research Paper CHRISTO und dice Verh? llung diethylstilbestrols Reichstages Christo Javacheff wurde am 13. Juni 1935 in Bulgarien geboren. Nach dem Gymnasium, studierte Er Malen, Skulptur und B? hnenbild an der Kunstakademie in Sofia. Danach ging Er degree Fahrenheit? R eine kurze Zeit nach Prag um dort sein Studium weiterzuf? hren. 1957 machte ein Auslandssemester in Wien. Er begann schon ALSs Siebenj? hriger Zu malen. Seine Eltern degree Fahrenheit? rderten sein Talent und engagierten einen Privatlehrer, der ihm dice verschiedensten Techniken diethylstilbestrols Zeichnens beibrachte. Christo war schon in seinen jungen Jahren klar, hyrax Er einmal K? nstler werden wolle. Er besa? Fr? h eine ungeheuere Kenntnis von Kunstgeschichte. Weiteres interessierte Er sich degree Fahrenheit? R russische Literatur und Kunst und lernt bald? ber seine Mutter Schriftsteller und K? nstler wie Majakowski, Meyerhold, Tatlin, Gontscharowa und El Lissitzky zu sch? tzen. Er besch? ftigte sich Massachusetts Institute of Technology Monumentalarbeiten von den riesigen Festdekoratio nen, die der Sowjetunion zwischen 1918 und 1921 zum Jahrestag der Oktoberrevolution und zum 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Verhllung Des Reichstags Essay Research Paper CHRISTO or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mai erstellt wurden. Gro? en Eindruck habe der Regisseur Sergej Wassilijew gemacht, der nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg degree Fahrenheit? R einige Jahre ALSs k? nstlerischer Leiter diethylstilbestrols staatlichen Filmstudios in Bulgarien verpflichtet worden war. Damals war Es? blich, hyrax K? nstler st? ndig Massachusetts Institute of Technology Filmleuten zusammenarbeiteten. Sie wurden beauftragt lair Dekor entweder in der Realit? T auszuw? hlen, oder nachzubauen. Propaganda Kunst hat Christo Fr? H herausgefordert. Daher stammte auch sein Verlangen und Bereitschaft, Massachusetts Institute of Technology lair verschiedensten Leuten zu diskutieren und sich den widerspr? chlichsten Meinungen auseinander zusetzen. Deswegen ist Es heute noch schwierig, sich in den westlichen Kunstbetrieb zu integrieren, der prim? R formalistisch urteile, tungsten? hrend Er doch selbst eine dialektische Verhaltensweise, eine st? ndige Auseinandersetzung Massachusetts Institute of Technology kunstfremden Oder kunstindifferenten Kr? ften suche. Wenn adult male dice Werke Christos genauer betrachtet, erkennt adult male, hyrax sie, wie Architekturzeichnungen Oder Ingenieursskizzen, Informationen? ber technische Details geben. Christo unterscheidet sich deutlich von vielen K? nstlern indem Es klar ist, hyrax Er jedes seiner Entw? rfe realisieren m? chte und nicht nur utopische Vorstellungen chapeau. Solange Christo ein Werk vorbereitet, zeichnet Er, klebt er Materialien, die der sp? teren Verwirklichung dienen, ein. Immer wieder zieht Er dazu topographische Fotos heran, in diese Er Zeichnungen und Collagen unterbringt. Die Fotografie dient ALSs Fond degree Fahrenheit? R sein eigenes Zeichnen- eine rasche zusammenfassende Strichf? hrung sorgt daf? R, hyrax hyrax Projekt, das skizziert wird, stilistisch der Umgebung, in der Es auftauchen soll, angeglichen wird. Man erkennt beim Betrachten der gezeichneten Entw? rfe, hyrax hyrax Zeichnen selbst ALSs Ausgangspunkt der sp? teren Verh? llung dient. Das grafische Element in den Zeich nungen- dice Linien und Verschattungen- wird von den Seilen und Stoffen existent ausgef? hormone replacement therapy. Sobald ein Projekt realisiert wurde, H? rt Christo auf Zu zeichnen. Er skizziert nur im Vorgriff auf hyrax, was noch nicht sichtbar ist. Da hyrax Realisierte im Grunde dice unequivocal Zeichnung ist, zeichnet Christo nie nach. Statt dessen befassen sich andere Medien wie dice Fotografie, Film, Statistiken und Berichte Massachusetts Institute of Technology dem Werk. Somit werden Seine Projekte nie vergessen auch nachdem sie nach kurzer Zeit wieder verschwinden. Christo sucht nach lair zahlreichen Fotografien dice Besten aus und nur jene vitamin D? rfen in Erinnerungsb? chern verwendet werden. Er entwickelte Seine eigene Strategie. Jeder Entwurf soll verwirklicht werden. Zwar verschwindet jede Ausf? hrung nach kurzer Zeit wieder, jedoch H? lt dir Fotografie dice Projekte fest und bleibt somit verewigt. Dieses Vorgehen hat auch R? ckwirkungen auf dice kommerzielle Notwe ndigkeit der Graphiken. Wie die Collagen und Vorzeichnungen erbringen sie hyrax Kapital, das Christo braucht, um dice Gro? projekte ausf? hren Zu K? nnen. Er hat zu all seinen Projekten nie? ffentliche Gelder akzeptiert. Sponsoren weist Er alle zur? ck. Damit beweist Er, hyrax Er frei bleiben m? chte. Diese Freiheit gestatten ihm dice Collagen, Zeichnungen und Editionen. Christo Wei? nie vorraus, ob Seine Projekte cheapnesss? chlich realisiert werden. Jedoch schl? gt Er nur Projekte vor, bei denen Es wenigstens eine Chance gibt, hyrax sie verwirklicht werden. Er schl? gt keine utopischen Projekte vor, bei denen Er sich sicher sein kann, hyrax Er keine Bewilligung erhalten werde, Oder dice technisch nicht machbar Sind. Deshalb m? gen Seine Projekte vielleicht einen schwierigen, und manchmal sogar absurden Eindruck machen, sie Sind Es jedoch nicht wirklich. Sie Sind realisierbar, stehen jedoch an der Grenze zwischen dem M? glichen und dem Unm? glichen. Er rechnet damit, hyrax furchtba re Probleme auf ihn zukommen und hyrax hyrax Projekt eventuell scheitern kann. Gerade diese Zweifel verleihen ihm Energie und machen es aufregend. Es ist cheapnesss? chlich wie eine Expedition, bei der adult male eine Vielzahl von R? cksichten zu nehmen hat und sich durch immer neue Gegebenheiten hindurchfinden mess. Jedes Projekt hat f? R Christo Seine eigene Geschichte, und es ist unm? glich degree Fahrenheit? R ihn, sie vorauszusehen. Deshalb kann Christo sich nicht auf nur eine bestimmte Interpretation festlegen. Wenn er Massachusetts Institute of Technology einem Projekt beginnt, gibt Es immer einige kluge Leute, dice ihm ihre eigene Interpretation beibringen wollen. Aber diese verschiedenen Argumentationen Sind degree Fahrenheit? R ihn nur kleine Facetten der immensen Bedeutungsvielfalt des Ortes, des Raums, der Stra? vitamin E, des Geb? udes. Wahrscheinlich am Wichtigsten, wenn Christo Massachusetts Institute of Technology seinen Hilfen ein Projekt in Angriff nehmen, ist Es, an dem naiven, beinahe kindlichen Wunsch festzuhalten, das Objekt zu realisieren und sich nicht immerzu in eine andere Richtung dr? ngen Oder von reifen und ernsthaften Erw? gungen blockieren Zu lassen, weil das den Enthusiasmus und dice Vision nur beeintr? chtigen kann. Die Verh? llung diethylstilbestrols Reichstages: 1971, ALSs Christo Massachusetts Institute of Technology lair Vorbereitungen degree Fahrenheit? R hyrax Projekt Verh? llter Reichstag begann, schien Es V? llig unrealistisch, hyrax hyrax 1894 eingeweihte ehemalige deutsche Parlamentsgeb? ude in absehbarer Zeit Seine Fr? here Funktion wieder aufnehmen k? nnte, sooft diese Hoffnung auch Ge? u? ert wurde. Heute mehr denn je demonstriert der Reichstag dice Begegnung von Ost und West, von Vergangenheit und Zukunft. Der Reichstag steht auf einen weithin offenen Gel? nde, das merkw? rdige, ja gerade Zu metaphysische Assoziationen hervorruft, die Massachusetts Institute of Technology der wechselvollen Geschichte diethylstilbestrols Geb? udes seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in Verbindung stehen. 1933 wurde Es in Brand gesteckt, 1045 fast V? llig zerst? rt und in den sechziger Jahren wieder aufgebaut- der Reichstag war einen st? ndigen Wandel und dauernden Ersch? tterungen unterworfen, doch immer blieb er Symbol degree Fahrenheit? R dice Demokratie. F? R einen Zeitraum von zwei Wochen soll dice verschwenderische F? lle von Tausenden von Quadratmetern eines silbergl? nzenden, mit Seilen vert? uten Gewebes einen? ppigen Fluss vertikaler Falten ergeben, die wesentlichen Merkmale der Architektur vor Augen degree Fahrenheit? hren werden. Die ganze Kunstgeschichte hindurch haben Stoffe und Gewebe dice K? nstler fasziniert, von lair? ltesten Zeugnissen der Bildenden Kunst Bi hin zur Kunst der Gegenwart ist dice Struktur von Stoffen- Faltenw? rfe, Plissees, Draperien? ein bedeutender Bestandteil von Gem? lden, Fresken, Reliefs und Skulpturen gold Holz, Stein und Bronze. In der J? dischen- christlichen Tradition hat das Verh? llen? zum Beispiel bei Hochzeiten und anderen rituellen Feierlichkeiten- eine wichtige sakrale, freudige Bedeutung. Die Verh? llung des Reichstags Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stoffbahnen folgt dieser Tradition. F? R dice Verh? llungen diethylstilbestrols Reichtags werden eine strapazierf? higes synthetisches Gewebe, das den g? ngigen Brandschutzvorschriften entspricht, und Dacron-Seile verwendet werden, wobei alle vier Fassaden Massachusetts Institute of Technology jeweils f? nf speziell zugeschnittenen gro? en Stoffbahnen bedeckt werden. Die Stoffbahnen und dice Seile werden an Teleskopst ? ben befestigt ; sie k? nnen besides ohne technische Eingriffe am Geb? ude selbst angebracht und wieder entfernt werden. S? mtliche empfindlichen Statuen und Architekturornamente werden durch speziell angefertigte K? figartige Geh? usage gesch? tzt. Das Werk soll in drei Phasen vollendet werden. Die erste Phase umfasst alle Arbeiten, dice nicht an Ort und Stelle vorgenommen werden m? ssen: das Zuschneiden der Stoffbahnen und dice N? harbeiten, die Fertigungen und Schutzgeh? usage installiert und dice zusammengefalteten Stoffbahnen auf der Dachterrasse des Reichtags deponiert. Nachdem diese Vorbereitungen abgeschlossen Sind, von denen dice? ffentlichkeit nur wenig bemerkt, werden dann in der letzten Phase dice Stoffbahnen von oben entrollt und an lair Teleskopst? ben befestigt. Dies wird drei Bi vier Tage in Anspruch nehmen. Alle verwendeten Materialien K? nnen nach ihrer Entfernung degree Fahrenheit? R andere Zwecke wiederverwendet werden. Der Verh? llte Reichstag wird ALSs ein tempor? RESs Kunstwerk wie alle anderen Projekte diethylstilbestrols K? nstlers ausschlie? lich gold eigenen Mitteln finanziert, durch lair Verkauf seiner Vorstudien-Zeichnungen, Collagen, mom? stabgerechte Modelle- , Fr? her Arbeiten und Originallithografien. Christo akzeptiert keine F? rdermittel gold? ffentlicher Oder privater Hand. Seit mehr ALSs zwanzig Jahren hat Christo in Museen, Universit? ten und Galerien in aller Welt Vortr? Ge? ber dice Reichtags Projekt gehalten und Ausstellungen dazu veranstaltet. Das Rechtagsprojekt steht nicht nur degree Fahrenheit? R langj? hrige Bem? hungen im Leben eines K? nstlers, sondern auch degree Fahrenheit? R hyrax Engagement vieler anderer Menschen. Politiker und Gesch? ftsleute, K? nstler und aus Allen gesellschaftlichen Schichten, aus Ost und West, haben sich unerm? dlich daf? R eingesetzt, und diese gemeinsame Kraftanstrengung ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Dialogs, der degree Fahrenheit? R das Reichtag-Projekt von so entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Stoffbahnen, dice ein Geb? ude umh? llen, sind- wie dice Kleidung Oder dice Haut- etwas Zartes und Empfindliches. Christos Projekt zeichnet sich durch eine einzigartige Eigenschaft gold: dice Verg? nglichkeit. Die materielle Realisierung des Verh? llten Reichtags wird sich ALSs ein dramatisches Erlebnis von gro? er visueller Sch? nheit erweisen. Die Stellungnahme zu Christos Projekt einer Verh? llung des Reichtagsgeb? udes in Berlin setzt dice Kenntnis von Entwicklung und Pers? nlichkeit des K? nstlers sowie den Rang, Eigenart und Geltung seiner Kunst ALSs gegeben voraus. Sie darf sich darum auf hyrax Projekt selbst beschr? nken. Seine Ernsthaftigkeit und die objektive Chance seiner Realisierung stehen dabei gold? er Frage. Zur Charakterisierung und zum Verst? ndnis des Werkes kann adult male acht Aspekte zusammenfassen. Der philosophische Aspekt: Die alten Griechen sagten, das Staunen tungsten? re der Anfang aller Philosophie, und zwar ALSs Staunen? ber das Allt? gliche, Gewohnte, scheinbar selbstverst? ndlichem hyrax dann eine cubic decimeter? ngeres Nachdenken? ber das Vertraute, Gewohnte in Gang bringen, will uns Dinge, dice United Nationss nahe und allt? glich sind- und dice wir dann leicht? bersehen- , wieder Immigration and Naturalization Services Bewusstsein bringen, sie in neuem Sinne sichtbar, wahrnehmbar machen. Diesen Prozess bringt Christo durch ein Ver- und Enth? llung in Gang. Durch Verh? llen entzieht Er uns vertraute, gewohnte Gegenst? nde, entfremdet sie United Nationss, macht sie geheimnisvoll, macht uns wieder neugierig auf sie. Aus ihrer Verh? llung gel? st, sehen wir sie Massachusetts Institute of Technology neuer Aufmerksamkeit, gleichsam Massachusetts Institute of Technology anderen Augen Der? sthetische Aspekt: Der Zustand der Verh? llung einer Sache hat aber nicht nur lair *negativen* Aspekt, hyrax sie uns entzogen, entfremdet, verborgen ist, dieser Zustand besitzt auch eigene formale Qualit? 10. Der verh? llte Gegenstand- Baum, Haus, Turm, was immer- kann auch in seiner Verpackung und ALSs Verpackung sch? n sein, ein? sthetisches Gebilde. Wir entdecken Seine besonderen Konturen, Formen und Volumina. Die Verpackungshaut reflektiert hyrax Licht, dice Sonne, Wolken, schimmert in vielen Farben, bedeutet ein ungewohntes, faszinierendes Schauspiel, weckt Erwartung auf hyrax in ihr Verh? llte. Der Technische Aspekt: Christo hat gro? vitamin E Erfahrungen in der Realisierung *utopischer* Projekte. Ihn reizt dice Gr? ? vitamin E einer Aufgabe. Sie mobilisiert Seine Phantasie und spornt auch Seine Helfer an. Christo zur Seite stehen- an den bisherigen Projekten geschulte- angesehen Ingenieure, Techniker, erfahrene Handwerker und Hilfskr? fte, decease? berwiegend schon Massachusetts Institute of Technology lair spezifischen Schwierigkeiten der Arbeit Christos vertraut Sind, ihn in der Auswahl der Zu verwendenden Materialien, ihrer Befestigung und Verankerung usw. beraten. Die Rolle des K? nstlers ist hyraxs Erdenken und Konzipieren eines *utopischen* Projektes, hyrax zugleich zweckfrei und doch sinnvoll sein soll. Seine technische Ausf? hrung ist Fachleuten anvertraut- Christo? berwacht nur dice einzelnen Phasen der Realisierung. Der soziale Aspekt: Christos Kunst sucht? ffentlichkeit. Sie ist ohne? ffentlichkeit, und ohne Mitwirkung der? ffentlichkeit, nicht denkbar. Sie will aktive Mitwirkung, nicht blo? die inactive Teilnahme eines Publikums. Sie ist auf nachhaltige Reflexion hin angelegt. Der Prozess, der zur Realisierung eines Werkes von Christo degree Fahrenheit? hormone replacement therapy, ist Teil diethylstilbestrols Kunstwerkes selbst, ist sozusagen dice soziale Dimension des Kunstwerks. Das Publikum, regelm? ? immunoglobulin in vielen Hearings Massachusetts Institute of Technology Christos Werk befasst und Massachusetts Institute of Technology ihren Pl? nen und Gedanken des K? nstlers konfrontiert, erscheint Massachusetts Institute of Technology allen einen Reaktionen in das Werk selbst einbezogen. Es ist Christo wichtig, hyrax dice? ffentlichkeit nicht nur durch die an den der Realisierung mitwirkenden Fachleute, Handwerker, Arbeiter, Studenten, Hilfskr? fte usw. Pr? sent ist, sondern auch durch hyrax Publikum sowie Seine Repr? sentanten, und zwar dice Abgeordneten, dice Politiker, sowie dice Presse, hyrax Fernsehen. Die allgemeine? ffentliche Willens- und Meinungsbildung? ber jede seiner Arbeiten ist degree Fahrenheit? R Christo eine unverzichtbare Qualit? T Seines Werkes. Auch und gerade im Falle des Projektes einer Verh? llung des Reichtags sollte dice? ffentlichkeit- m? glichst in allen Berliner Bezirken, aber auch in anderen deutschen St? dten- Fr? hzeitig durch verschiedene Veranstaltungen, Diskussionen, Lichtbildreferate, Filmvorf? hrungen- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Allens Einzelheiten der Arbeit Christos bekannt gemacht werden. Der K? nstler selbst K? nnte sich dabei dem Publikum und seinen Fragen stellen. Der finanzielle Aspekt: Das Projekt kostet den deutschen Steuerzahler keinen Groschen. Christo ist nicht auf Subventionen gold. Er bezahlt Seine Arbeit selbst- und zwar bezahlt er Seine Arbeit nicht durch einein angeh? uftes Verm? gen ( das Er nicht besitzt ) , sondern wiederum gold seiner Arbeit. Er verkauft im Hinblick auf ein Projekt dice damit in Zusammenhang stehenden vorbereitenden, oft meisterhaften Zeichnungen, entw? rfe, Collagen an Sammler, Galerien Museen und verwendet dice Einnahme dann degree Fahrenheit? R dessen Realisierung. So tr? gt Seine Arbeit sich selbst. Der polished Aspekt: Christos bisher gr? ? tes Projekt waren dice Landschaft eingebunden, akzentuierten, verst? rkten oder ver? nderten den bestimmten Eindruck einer Landschaft ( einer felsigen K? stenzone, eines Talzuges in Colorado ) , wurden Teil dieser Landschaft. Nun kehrt Christo in den urbanen Umraum zur? ck, in dem er begonnen chapeau, wenn auch Massachusetts Institute of Technology einem Projekt viel gr? ? eren Ausma? Es ALSs die vorangegangen *Verh? llungen* von H? usern Oder Denkm? lern. Das *verh? llte* Reichtagsgeb? ude wird auf dice isolierte polished Situation dieses Bauwerkes, hyrax ( noch vor kurzem ) am Rande des vitalen Lebenszusammenhanges von Westberlin ( slowdown ) , aufmerksam Zu machen und kann vielleicht sp? tere st? dtebauliche Impulse provozieren. Der historische Aspekt: Der Reichstag ist ein Teil deutscher Geschichte und in gewissem Sinne zugleich dessen Symbol. Besitzen dice Deutschen den Reichstag? berhaupt noch? Oder haben sie blo? dice leere H? lle behalten, die nur noch Massachusetts Institute of Technology Erinnerung an Glanz und Elend, an Auseinandersetzungen und Konflikt vergangener Tage besetzt ist? Warum ist der Reichstag einerseits ALSs nationales Monument so kostbar, andererseits so unl? sbar Massachusetts Institute of Technology schmerzhaften Erfahrungen belastet? Ist Es, weil die Deutschen nur dieses Geh? usage ohne lebendige Funktion geblieben ist, wenige Meter von der Mauer entfernt, die eine Stadt, ein Land ein Volk unbarmherzig teilt? Oder ist Es, weil dieser leere Reichstag selbst ein Symbol der Teilung, der tragischen Entwicklung deutscher Geschichte? und Schuld- geworden ist? Wenn Christo den Reichstag verh? llt- degree Fahrenheit? R einen wie knappen Zeitraum immer- so legt Er lair Finger in eine Wunde. Eben das ist Seine Absicht. Christo sucht nicht den gedankenlosen Beifall eines Vernissage-Publikums. Seine Kunst degree Fahrenheit? hormone replacement therapy in dice Auseinandersetzung unserer Tage: in dice Umweltdiskussion ( so das Runing Fence? Projekt in Kalifornien ) , 1977verweist Er auf dice Deutsche Teilung. Die deutschen sollen es akzeptieren. Der politische Aspekt: Aus dem historischen folgt der aktuelle politische Aspekt. Wie wird hyraxs Volk- und hier wird hyraxs ganze Volk zugleich Publikum- reagieren? Wird ihm bewusst werden, hyrax in dem Beispiel der Verh? llung # 8211 ; und somit zugleich Hervorhebung eines historischen Bauwerkes- nicht nur ein Kapital unserer Geschichte ber? hormone replacement therapy, sondern dice deutsche Gegenwart gemeint ist- der Alltag, indem sie sich nicht unbequem eingerichtet haben, den sie ohne allzu viel? berlegungen leben? Wird Es bemerken, hyrax von Christo nur etwas verh? llt wird, was ihnen seit langen fehlt hyrax sie nur vermeintlich, ALSs? u? ere H? lle besitzen? Wird es Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nachdenklichkeit, Humor, Mut, Einfallsfreudigkeit und Spontaneit? T reagieren, Eigenschaften, dice gerade dem Berlin so gerne nachgesagt werden? Wird ein Denkprozess in Gang gesetzt Oder nur eine Flut unkontrollierter Empfindungen hochgeschwemmt werden? Hier liegt das Risiko dieses k? nstlerischen E xperiments, zugleich aber auch Seine Bedeutung und Seine Chance. Daraus kann folgendes Res? mee abgeleitet werden: Das Projekt *Christo verh? llt lair Reichstag* sollte gewagt werden. Es sollte aber nicht gewagt werden ohne gr? ndliche aufkl? rende Vorbereitung der Bev? lkerung. Diese scheint entscheidend Zu sein. Vor dem Hintergrund des zu erwartenden intensiven Interesse der Massenmedien sollte dice ganze Massachusetts Institute of Technology dem Projekt verbundene Problematik in allen ihren Aspekten und Dimensionen diskutiert werden. Erst wenn sich breites Verst? ndnis degree Fahrenheit? R hyrax Projekt abzeichnet- um nicht von einem allgemeinen und einhelligen Konsensus Zu sprechen, der wohl degree Fahrenheit? R billfish keine K? nstlerische Idee Zu erreichen sein wird und vielleicht auch billfish nicht anzustreben tungsten? rhenium, sollte dice Realisierung in Angriff genommen werden. Beim Runing Fence Projekt in Kalifornien ist Christo ebenso vorgegangen. Anders ALSs in Kalifornien geht Es hier aber nicht um dice blo? numerische Mehrheit von Stimmen in irgendeiner Versammlung, sondern um ein qualitatives Abw? gen der vorgetragenen Argumenten, um eine kritische Pr? fung der erhofften Resonanz. Erst wenn dice zu erwartenden ( und erw? nschten ) kontroversen Debatten ab der substanziellen Punkten angelangt Sind, kann die Realisierung des Projektes ihren optimalen Effekt erreichen. Dieser besteht nicht zuletzt darin, die Menschen degree Fahrenheit? R einen Augenblick wieder dice historische und politische Situation zwischen Vergangenheit und Zukunft bewusst Zu machen. Im Sommer 1977 haben sich mehrere Repr? sentanten des Staates? ffentlich Zu Fragen der Kunst Ge? u? Earth-received time: der Bundespr? sident [ Walter Scheel ] anl? sslich der 25. Ausstellung des K? nstlerbundes mit Gedanken zur Kunst, dice ein Freiraum sei, in den der Staat nicht einzugreifen habe. Der Pr? sident diethylstilbestrols Bundestages ( Karl Carstens ) hatte kurz vorher in einer Stellungnahme zu dem Projekt Christos, den Reichstag in Berlin vorr? bergehend Zu verh? llen, die Grenzen double daggers Freiraumes der Kunst gezogen, decease auch der Staat trotz Seines institutionellen Liberalismus degree Fahrenheit? R N? tig H? lt: Sie bef? nden sich dort, wo? ein gro? er Teil der Mitb? rger? einem K? nstlerischen Projekt kein Verst? ndnis entgegenbringe, das einen Gegenstand von? besonderer geschichtlicher Bedeutung? und von nationalem Symbolwert kurzfristig so verwandle, hyrax eine kontroverse Diskussion Zu bef? rchten tungsten? rhenium. Mit anderen Worten, der Freiraum der Kunst sieht dann weniger idyllisch gold, wenn ein K? nstler wie Christo das Gehege staatlicher Symbolik ALSs eine K? nstlerische Bet? tigungsfeld ansieht. Da bleibt dann dice Ansicht Walter Wallmanns, des CDU Oberb? rgermeisters von Frankfurt, auf einer Strecke, Politiker H? tten? Freiraum degree Fahrenheit? R Kunst und K? nstler schaffen und nicht dar? ber Zu befinden, was wertvolle und unwerte Kunst? sei. Kunst sei? oft Provokation ; ? rgernis, Protest gegen Konvention? . Bezieht adult male diese Aussage auf hyrax Christoprojekt, dann scheint es eine Form von Provokation darzustellen, dice die Schutzzone des K? nstlerischen Freitraumes verl? sst, ohne sich damit ALSs k? nstlerische Veranstaltung Zu disqualifizieren: Karl Carstens, der Christos Projekt nach gr? ndlicher Pr? fung ALSs eine solche Grenz? berschreitung ansah, billigt ihm dennoch? eine bedeutende K? nstlerische Wirkung? Zu und verzichtet damit auf eine schlichte Form der Verteidigung : Christo der Scharlatan, der? Lustigmacher und Zeitvertreiber? ( Rudolf Borchardt ) . Diese Kontroverse um ein K? nstlerisches Verhaben degree Fahrenheit? hormone replacement therapy zur Einsicht, hyrax der von Walter Scheel und Walter Wallmann geforderte Freiraum degree Fahrenheit? R Kunst und K? nstler so lange ALSs demokratische Maxime funktioniert, ALSs sich decease K? nstler Massachusetts Institute of Technology? freier Selbstverwirklichung? zufrieden geben. Seit Christo musste Massachusetts Institute of Technology der Neuentdeckung eines? politischen Kunstst? cks? anderer Art gerechnet werden, ALSs es der Bundeskanzler, Willy Brandt, auf seinem Bonner Sommerfest apostrophierte, Massachusetts Institute of Technology einem Kunstst? ck, das uns hyrax sehr deutsche Tabu politischer und nationalstaatlicher Symbolik blo? legt. In der Diskussion um Christos Projekt Sind dice unterschiedlichen Standpunkte der Koalition und Opposition von gegenseitiger Toleranz getragen: Willy Brandt hat Verst? ndnis degree Fahrenheit? R dice Sorge, Dietrich Stobbe ( damals Regierender B? rgermeister Berlins ) Respekt vor der Entscheidung Karl Carstens? , alle drei Sind von der? bedeutenden K? nstlerischen Wirkung? der Reichstagsverh? llung? berzeugt. Es steht besides nicht die Frage zur Debatte, ob Christos Vorhaben? wertvolle Oder unwerte Kunst? darstelle, sondern Es handelt sich um dice Einsch? tzung der politischen Dimension solcher K? nstlerischen Wirkung, das hei? T, um dice Frage, wie sich eine Mehrheit der Bev? lkerung Zu dem provokanten Projekt verh? lt, eine Mehrheit, dice schnell zu einer solchen von W? hlern werden. Dies ist eine verst? ndliche? berlegung gew? hlter Volksvertretern, zumal nicht der illegitime Anspruch von Mehrheitsbeschl? ssen? ber den Kunstwert des Reichstagsprojektes zur Debatte steht, sondern nur dice Frage eines Mehrheitsverh? ltnisses degree Fahrenheit? R dice politische Implikation des Projekts. Carstens H? lt eine Kontroverse? ber? das Reichstagsgeb? ude Massachusetts Institute of Technology seiner besonderen geschichtlichen Bedeutung und seinem Symbolcharakter degree Fahrenheit? R dice fortbestehende Einheit der deutschen Nation? derzeit degree Fahrenheit? R? abtr? glich? . Brandt dagegen meint sie sei? hilfreich # 8230 ; , uns dem Symbolwert? diethylstilbestrols umstrittenen Gegenstandes Zu vergegenw? rtigen, und auch Strobbe erhofft sich eher eine? positive Provokation? und eine? befreiende Diskussion? . Beide SPD- Politiker meinen, eine? sicherlich omega? gernden? ffentlichkeit verst? ndlich machen? . Aus diesem Diskussionsstand ergibt sich eine bemerkenswerte Folgerung: Christos Kunstst? ck fordert Politiker heraus, um dessen? ffentliches Verst? ndnis, nicht um seine- von Christo ohnehin nicht verlangte- Finanzierung Zu werben Oder dice Verantwortung degree Fahrenheit? R Seine Verweigerung Zu? bernehmen und damit die Grenzen der eingangs zitierten Beteuerungen Oder Freiheit der Kunst zu offenbaren. Es tungsten? rhenium einmal der Grund entzogen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Helmut Schmidt zu bedauern? Kunst und Politik? H? tten? viel Zu wenig miteinander im Sinn? . Von Anfang an suchte Christo dice? community experience? und dice? enormous political deductions? , nicht nur um diese Massachusetts Institute of Technology Seilen und Stoffbahnen cubic decimeter? cherlich Zu machen, sondern um dice Bev? lkerung selbst diese tempor? re Aktion des K? nstlers ALSs Ermunterung zum Nachdenken begreifen Zu lassen, ALSs Aufforderung zum Tanz Massachusetts Institute of Technology dun klen Begriffen und statischen Vorstellungen von nationaler Symbolik, geschichtlicher? berlieferung und politischer Realit? T. Ein solches? ffentliches Interesse H? tte der Reichstag bitter N? tig. Er hat es in seiner kurzen Geschichte wohl nie ohne? abtr? gliche Diskussionen? gehabt. Gewiss wird niemand bezweifeln wollen, hyrax Es erf? llte Gottesdienste in H? sslichen Kirchen, gute Schulen, effiziente Krankenpflege, prompte Feuerwehr, in unsch? nen Baulichkeiten geben kann, aber bei diesen war immer der Vergleich Massachusetts Institute of Technology besseren m? glich und dice ideale Identit? T zwischen Funktion und Form in alter und neuer Zeit hundertfach gelungen. Doch es chitchat nur einen deutschen Reichstag, und fast alle Vergleiche Massachusetts Institute of Technology ausl? ndischen Parlamentsh? usern fielen Zu seinem Nachteil gold. Das Ungen? gen an diesem Geb? ude, dieser sehr deutsche Zwiespalt zwischen gef? hlsm? ? iger Geltung, sichtbarer Gestalt, und geschichtlicher Bedeutung, mag dice Aggressionen erkl? ren, die Seine Au? enhaut zum Anlass nahmen, seine Organe Zu denunzieren. Wenn adult male Massachusetts Institute of Technology dem gro? en Weimarer Architekten Hugo H? pealing lair? Bau einer politischen Gesellschaft ein Gestaltthema von gr? ? ter Bedeutung? nennt, ein Wort, das nichts von seiner Aktualit? T eingeb? ? T chapeau, dann kann adult male ermessen, welche Folgen, im Sinne verweigerter Identifikation Oder nur Sympathie, dice? sthetische Verdammung des Baus von Paul Wallot haben m? sste. Es war ja schon immer eine heikle Tradition einer spezifisch deutschen Kulturkritik, von Langbehn? ber Moeller van den Bruck zu Sedlmeyr und Marcuse, gold der? cultural desperation? ( Fritz Stern ) ? ber K? nstlerische Manifestationen des Zeitgeistes die gleiche? Verzweiflung? ? ber dice nationalen und politischen Verh? ltnisse herzuleiten. War es nicht mehr ALSs ein k? nstlerischer Ungl? cksfall, hyrax dice Deutschen ihren ungeliebten Reichstag hatten, die Amerikaner aber ihr Capitol, dice Engl? nder ihr House of Commons und sogar dice? sterreicher ein Parlament, hyrax in den hauptst? dtischen Zusammenhang tungsten? rdig verflochten war? Selbst dice ungarische? Nachahmung? diethylstilbestrols englischen Vorbildes Pr? gt unvergesslich dice Silhouette Budapests, tungsten? hrend sich der Reichstag nur m? hsam Massachusetts Institute of Technology dem Brandenburger Tor und m? rkischen F? hren des Tiergartens auf einer Postkarte zw? ngen prevarication? . Man vergleiche nur dice politisch e Symbolkraft der N? he des schwedischen Parlaments zum K? niglichen Schloss, um hyrax ganze Ausma? der Widerst? nde und? ngste Zu ermessen, die zur Entfernung diethylstilbestrols Reichstags gold der historischen Stadt, nahe dem Stammplatz der Zirkuszelte degree Fahrenheit? hrten und dice ein kaiserliches Verdikt gegen eine dem Schloss Zu souver? ne Kuppel provoziert haben soll. So war Es? kein Zufall, hyrax hyrax Reichstagshaus in seiner st? dtebaulichen Anordnung gewisserma? en beiseite geschoben und in keinen Zusammenhang Massachusetts Institute of Technology lair Geb? udekomplexen, dice dice damalige Staatsmacht repr? sentierten, gebracht wurde? ( Ludwig Hilberseimer ) Diesem Umstand verdankt der Reichstag ja auch sein Gl? ck, sich immerhin zu 99 Prozent in Westberlin, dort allerdings nun V? llig am Rande, zu befinden. In einem denkw? rdigen Wettbewerb, 1927/30, haben einige der degree Fahrenheit? hrenden Architekten der Weimarer Republik versucht, die neue Verfassungswirklichkeit seit 1919 in einer st? dtebaulich durchgreifenden und dice Isolierung des Reichstages aufhebenden Umgestaltung diethylstilbestrols K? nigspalastes zum Platz der Republik, ALSs *Dokument einer neuen politischen Willenssetzung* , zur Darstellung zu bringen. Bruno Taut schlug vor, den Reichstag, dauerhafter ALSs Christo? den Blick von gold? en Zu entziehen? und in eine modern-funktionelle Architektur einzuh? llen. Karl Wach wollte den Bau? in eine gr? ? ere Kiste stellen, immerhin so, hyrax hyraxs Gesicht diethylstilbestrols alten Baues # 8230 ; mit den Z? hnen fletschen darf? ( Ministerialdirektor Kie? ling ) . Glaubt adult male im Ernst, hyrax hyraxs auch von Skeptikern vorhergesagte? sthetische Vergn? gen kurzen, aber immensen Ausma? Es, das Christos Projekt einer Reichstagverh? llung verspr? che, den nagenden Schaden vermehrte, der dem deutschen Parlamentarismus dauernd zugef? gt wurde, indem adult male ihn an einem ALSs abscheulich empfundenen, ja hassenswerten Orte stattfinden prevarication? ? ? Wenn adult male ein Bauwerk hassen kann, so habe ich double daggers mehr und mehr hassen gelernt # 8230 ; ich bin? berzeugt, hyrax dice Reizbarkeit der Abgeordneten, dice sich in so vielen Verhandlungen unvorteilhaft zeigte, eine wesentliche Ursache in den Unnatur diethylstilbestrols Reichstagsgeb? ude hatte? ( Gustav Radbruch, Justizminister 1920-24 ) . W? rhenium Es nicht des Versuches wert, diese? Unnatur? diethylstilbestrols Reichstages durch eine kurzfristige Variation in dice Sch? nheit flatternden Segeltuches in der Berliner Luft zu verwandeln? K? me hier nicht ein Urbed? rfnis diethyls tilbestrols Menschen zur Geltung, dice schwindende Bedeutung der alternden Kulissen seiner Umwelt durch verh? llende Verwandlung auf ihre? Wahrheit? Zu befragen? W? rhenium solche tempor? rhenium Verh? llung nicht humaner ALSs die einzig andere Methode, sich von ungeliebten, querliegenden und funktionslosen Bauten zu befreien- der Abriss? Nur ungl? ubig kann adult male heute auf dice Pl? doyers von Kunstschriftstellern, Architekturkritikern, Architekten, Werkbundmitgliedern u.a. , ja auch auf einen seinerseits breiten Konsens degree Fahrenheit? R den Abriss diethylstilbestrols Reichstages in den degree Fahrenheit? nfziger Jahren zur? ckblicken, und nicht wenige erinnern sich noch an der jetzigen? de seiner Wiederherstellung der Explosions-Blitze mehrfacher Sprengladungen, um dice besch? digte Kuppel des Plenarsaales niederzulegen. Diejenigen Mitb? rger, dice sich auch trotz? einer gutvorbereiteten Diskussion? ( Strobbe ) ? ber Verpacker, Verpackung und deren Publizisten gr? ndlich? rgern tungsten? rden, k? nnten sich dann Massachusetts Institute of Technology den Einwickelfreunden gemeinsam freuen, wenn sich dice Schn? rhenium cubic decimeter? sen und dice H? llen wieder fielen. Nach einer solchen Christo-Fermate in der Reichstaggeschichte, H? tte jeder seinen Reichstag wieder und viele lernten once, hyrax sie einen haben und was sie an ihm haben. Um das Projekt jedoch realisieren Zu K? nnen, musste Christo 24 Jahre lang K? mpfen. Der Prozess um dice Genehmigung zu bekommen war sehr kompliziert. 28 Meter der Ostfassade befanden sich ALSs Christo anfragte auf dem Gebiet des sowjetischen Sektors, doch unterhalten wurde hyrax Geb? ude von der westdeutschen Regierung. Es war fast so wie eine Berliner Au? enstelle des Bonner Parlaments. Deshalb wurden alle Ausgaben degree Fahrenheit? R lair Reichstag nicht von der Stadt Berlin, sondern von Bonn getragen. Der Hausheer des Reichstags, besides die Person, dice juristisch degree Fahrenheit? R hyrax Geb? ude verantwortlich war, war der Pr? sident diethylstilbestrols Bundestags in Bonn, des Parlaments der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Protokollarisch nahm Er in der politischen Struktur Westdeutschlands nach dem Bundespr? sidenten und dem Bundespr? sidenten den dritten Rang ein. Der Bundeskanzler steht erst an degree Fahrenheit? nfter Stelle. Der Bundespr? sident ist der einzige, der dice e ntg? ltige Genehmigung erteilen kann, district attorney sich der Reichstag ganz? berwiegend auf Westberliner Gebiet befindet. Dies ist der sogenannte? offizielle? Weg, doch district attorney der Reichstag im britischen Milit? rssektor slowdown, konnte die westdeutsche Regierung nicht umhin, die Briten um ihre Meinung zu fragen, dice sich wiederum automatisch Massachusetts Institute of Technology den Franzosen und lair Amerikanern absprachen. Da sich dice Ostfassade des Geb? udes auf der Ostberliner Territorium befand, mussten die Briten, Amerikaner und Franzosen die Angelegenheit Massachusetts Institute of Technology der sowjetischen Armeef? hrung in Ostberlin Er? rtern, und daraufhin mussten die Sowjets sich wiederum Massachusetts Institute of Technology der ostdeutschen Regierung absprechen, dice in Ostberlin ihren Sitz hatte. Als die Sache schwierig wurde, wandte sich Christo sogar nach Washington, um um Hilfe Zu bitten. Daraus wurde aber nicht viel und im Sommer 1977 wurde hyrax Projekt zum ersten Mal offiziell abgelehnt. Nachdem sich Christo auch woanders keine Unterst? tzung bekam, musste Er erkennen, hyrax keine Hilfe zu erwarten war. Nach weiteren 18 Jahren gelang Es Christo endlich, sein Werk durchzubringen, und lair Reichstag Zu verh? llen. Am 35.2.1994 wurde im deutschen Bundestag abgestimmt, ob adult male dem K? nstler dice Genehmigung geben sollte Oder nicht. 292 Stimmen waren f? R hyrax Projekt und 223 waren gegen Christos Vorhaben. Am 24.1.1995 war Es endlich soweit. Christo verh? llte lair Reichstag Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hilfe von 90 professionellen Kletterer und 120 anderen Gehilfen. Es wurde bereits ein Jahr davor in zehn verschiedenen deutschen Fabriken dice ben? tigten Materialien hergestellt und fabriziert. Es wurden 100 000 centimeter? Stoff und 15 600 Meter Seil ben? tigt. Vierzehn Tage lang blieb der Reichstag komplett verh? llt. Mit dieser Verh? llung wurde der Traum Chistos endlich erf? llt und er kann stolz darauf sei n, so ein Werk geschaffen Zu haben und nie aufgegeben Zu haben.

The Jungle Essay Research Paper The Jungle free essay sample

The Jungle Essay, Research Paper The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is a drab narrative that depicts the life of a working adult male in the early 20th century. The book shows the horrid on the job conditions placed about the Chicago mill workers and the horrors of the criterion of life. The book follows behind an immigrant from Russia who hopes to strike it rich in America. Sinclair systematically throws jobs at the adult male who runs from one scenario to the following. The rubric of the book comes from an old expression, # 8220 ; it # 8217 ; s a jungle out there. # 8221 ; intending that the universe is so complex and busy, it is difficult to grok all that is taking topographic point. That is precisely how the book is portrayed, as a jungle. So many things are traveling on like offense, political relations, corruptness, concern, and households, that the chief character has a difficult clip seeking to set from his simple battle to last in Russia. The novel takes topographic point in Packingtown, a little country in Chicago during the early 1900 # 8217 ; s. Packingtown is made up of a a few shops and two large meat processing workss. The whole country is based on the workss where most of the people are employed. Packingtown is non a pretty topographic point. The air is filled with a black fume that pours all twenty-four hours long from the large mills. The streets are non paved and the working conditions are awful. The scene is a perfect topographic point for a adult male to fight from one job to the following without of all time happening the consolation of comfort and relaxation. The clip is of import to the novel because it is before any Torahs on working conditions and nutrient quality have been established. The novel takes topographic point in several clip sequences where Sinclair briefly Michigans to explicate the new job that the chief character must get the better of. The chief Fictional characters on the novel are Jugus, the adult male of which the narrative follows, Ona, Jurgis # 8217 ; s married woman, Elzbieta, female parent in jurisprudence of Ona, and Marija, Ona # 8217 ; s cousin. Jurgis is the chief character of the novel and the lone individual who makes any alteration at all. Jurgis is a large adult male who starts work in one of the killing beds in a meat mill. Jurgis is a adult male who merely wants the best for Ona and when faced with a job uses the slogan, # 8220 ; I will work harder. # 8221 ; Ona is a # 8220 ; mere child # 8221 ; whose physical and emotional breakability let small opportunity for endurance. Elzbieta is a adult female who endures calamity after calamity throughout the narrative. Marija is an orphan. She is a immature adult female of huge energy, powerful organic structure, and commanding voice. Word picture in the narrative is exemplifying. The reader does non cognize the characters in the narrative any better on at the terminal of the narrative as he did at the beginning. Once described, the character does non intensify or go more apprehensible. All of the characters in the narrative have a intent, they all are at that place to hold something go on to them. The scope of word picture is little and all the characters are similar in actions and words. There dimensions are all the same and so is their degree of credibility. The on the job labourer is depicted and portions small differences from the rational upper- category adult male. Besides, word picture is wholly external. The writer ever tells the actions of the character and Tells what they are believing. The procedure of thought and moral pick are neer shown. Jurgis is faced with many jobs throughout the narrative but none more evident than that of poorness. The degree of poorness in Packingtown is that of a lower criterion than we are accustomed to. Jurgis has high hopes for him and his household when the narrative begins and he has his occupation at the killing beds. But an hurt stops his programs of a good life style short. After mending from the hurt Jurgis finds out that he no longer has his old occupation and must seek for a new one. Jurgis is unable to happen a occupation and following the decease of one of Elzbieta # 8217 ; s crippled kids Jurgis goes to work in the fertiliser works, a topographic point where no adult male chooses to travel if he can assist it. Then Jurgis finds out that Ona has committed adultery forced upon her by Conner, one of the chiefs where they work. Jurgis confronts Conner and beats him severely and is sent to gaol. Ona dies from an early labour and Jurgis stays rummy for several yearss and lone brings himself back together by the supplications of Elzbieta who cries for the interest of Anatas, Jurgi s’s boy. All through these jobs Jurgis stay the same and alterations little. The turning point in the novel and the lone clip that Jurgis alterations at all is when he hears a socialist oratator speak about all the good of socialism. From this point on Jurgis takes to socialism and attempts to larn more about it. Jurgis joins up with other socialists and learns how socialism is the lone reply to everyone # 8217 ; s jobs. There is one thing that Sinclair refrains from and that is traveling right out and depicting a character. He puts a image of the character in the reader # 8217 ; s mind # 8217 ; s oculus by how the character Acts of the Apostless and by what he does. For case Ona # 8217 ; s infirmity and vacillation to face any opposition shows that she is little and cautious. On the other manus Jurgis was hired for a occupation by merely standing at that place and looking imposing. It was besides said about Jurgis that # 8220 ; he could take up a two-hundred-and-fifty-pound one-fourth of beef and carry it into a auto without a lurch, or even a idea # 8221 ; . Dialogue is non used really efficaciously throughout the narrative. Alternatively of utilizing duologue to depict the characters, Sinclair merely explains what the characters do in the narrative alternatively of conveying the reader on to their degree. I couldn # 8217 ; t happen any transitions in the narrative that illustrates dialogue used efficaciously. One thing that Sinclair uses for consequence in the narrative is repeat. The whole point of the narrative is to prophesy about socialism, so to make the right frame of head for the reader, Sinclair must demo how bad the manner of life at present clip in the narrative is. So repetitively, Jurgis has one atrocious thing after another happen to him. He losingss occupations, becomes injured, has household members die, all because of the manner of life. This repeat helps Sinclair dramatise the stoping of his narrative. This is a transition that I believe illustrates Sinclair # 8217 ; s sense of manner, # 8220 ; The whole long torment came back to him. Their forfeits in the beginning, their three hundred dollars that they had scraped together, all they owned in the universe, all that stood between them and famishment! And so their labor, month by month, to acquire the 12 dollars, and the involvement every bit good, and now and so the revenue enhancements, and the other charges, and the fixs, and what non! Dede Antanas had died in the battle to gain that money # 8211 ; he would hold been alive and strong today if he had non had to work in Durham # 8217 ; s dark basements to gain his portion. And Ona excessively, had given her wellness and strength to pay for it # 8211 ; she was wrecked and ruined because of it ; and so was he. # 8221 ; This transition shows the repetitiousness that the characters had been through throughout the narrative. Everything that they of all time work for, they lose many times over. Sinclair shows his characters no clemency, whenever it can # 8217 ; t acquire worse, it does. One obvious facet of the narrative is the subject. It is clear to the reader the point that Sinclair is seeking to acquire across to the reader. The subject is how socialism is the lone manner to take a descent life. Sinclair is seeking to state that without socialism, we will be forced to life a life as Jurgis did. The basic manner to depict socialism is a lighter signifier of communism. I don # 8217 ; t agree with the writers ideas on authorities because it is know about 80 old ages after the narrative was written and we have gotten along merely all right while other states have relied on communism and collapsed. If I was populating the life of Jurgis though, I would likely turn toward anything new and promising alteration. That is likely why the writer thought that socialism would alter the state for the better. I on the other manus am appreciative of the signifier of democracy we pattern today. The best thing about The Jungle is the ambiance and the narrative line. I liked the graphic image of the gloomy ambiance that Sinclair painted in my head. I besides liked how the book kept my involvement throughout the narrative. The stoping of the narrative has several things left unexpressed, but the existent narrative was good. I would non be that interested in reading another narrative by that writer because opportunities are that it would be another book about socialism. There is besides the fact that Sinclair does non organize his characters all that well and they do non develop throughout the narrative. Sinclair can compose a reasonably convincing narrative, they # 8217 ; re merely non my type.

Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry The WritePass Journal

Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry INTRODUCTION Determination of traces of heavy metal using anodic stripping voltammetry INTRODUCTION1. Trace metal analysis techniques1.1 Back ground and history of mercury  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.2.1 Types of mercury electrodes2. Experimental determination of trace metals in the Samples2.1. Apparatus2.2. Reagents2.3. Electrode preparation2.3.1 Cleaning and Setting up the GCE2.4. ProcedureConclusionReferenceRelated INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown a rise in the level of heavy metal in the human body and the everyday environment. These finding have increased the importance of heavy metal analysis which have become a major task in areas such as toxicological, epidemiological and environmental research. Trace metal analysis has a wide range of applications these include medical diagnostics, medical device implantation, and pharmaceutical and food analysis etc. In terms of environmental research, pollutants or just the general level of trace heavy metal may be quantified. In a society in which the effects climate change becomes more apparent it is important to be able to monitor and thereby control environmental pollution so as to find way to improve it as well as maintain of ecological balance. There are many well-established analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and monitoring heavy metals. Many of the analytical methods are used for detection in environmental samples .Detection in environmental samples is different to that of laboratory samples in that concentration of element in environmental sample may fluctuate with certain samples having very lower concentrations. Subsequently the need for improvement of analysis technique that are able to detect at lower detection limits is continually sort after so as to obtain more precise results. 1. Trace metal analysis techniques Types of detection method Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): This method of analysis determines the elemental composition of a sample via the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. It uses lamps whose core is made of the element. The light source is a lamp with a core made of the analyte of interest, this gives off light that is associated with the element and the sample absorbs this light. The analyte atoms in the sample are vaporized in a furnace and transition to higher electronic energy levels when light is absorbed. The concentration of the specific analyte is dependent on the amount of light absorption. Concentration measurements are determined by a working curve after calibrating the instrument with standards of known concentration. AAS is highly specific therefore each element has to be tested separately, this can be a disadvantage when trying to analyse a mixture, as different lamps must be used when measuring different elements. Another disadvantage to this technique is that the samples must be in solution, or at least volatile in order to be measured. There are a large number of factors that may interfere with measurement these include formation of non-volatile compounds and smoke formation which will absorb light, giving this method a relatively low level precision in comparison to other methods. Voltammetry: This studies the behaviour of analytes via the measurement of the potential and current of a sample or cell containing the analyte. There are different categories of voltammetry these include Polarography voltammetry – This process uses DME to produce reproducible effective electrode as a function of time. Linear sweep voltammetry- This process enables pre and post electron transfer reactions to be observed. The potential is linearly increased and the potential range is scanned between   the initial potential and final potential Cyclic voltammetry- This is an extension of the linear sweep analysis where by the voltage scan is reversed once maximum current is reach as the as reduction   of the analyte would   have completed. Anodic stripping voltammetry- determines the specific ionic species by deposition of the analyte and stripping resulting in a redox reaction. The oxidised species registers as a peak Differential pulse voltammetry- Potentiometry: based on measurement of potential of an electrode system consisting of two electrodes, potentiometer and sample containing analyte of interest. This method is advantageous as it can detect ions in presence of whole host of other Substances. The desire for more accurate result had major challenges as developers had to development new analytical methods and improvement of existing methods. In particular, the introduction of powerful modes of atomic absorption spectrometry such as the graphite furnace other newly established analysis techniques include neutron activation Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS): Atoms absorb light at particular frequencies depending on the characteristic of the element. The amount of light absorbed may be linearly correlated to the concentration of the analyte and can thereby be quantified. Samples are deposited into small graphite tube which is subsequently heated to vaporize and atomize the analyte. Neutron Activation: A sample is subjected to a neutron flux and radioactive nuclides are produced. As these radioactive nuclides decay, they emit gamma rays whose energies are characteristic for each nuclide. Comparison of the intensity of these gamma rays with those emitted by a standard permit a quantitative measure of the concentrations of the various nuclides. 1.1 Back ground and history of mercury  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dropping mercury electrode was invented in 1922 by Jaroslav Heyrovsky and was the foundation of electroanalytical voltammetry techniques via the development of the first linear sweep voltammetry method of polarography. In the year following between 1947 and 1959 voltammetry at stationary were developed. Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are decomposed (broken down) into simpler substances when an electric current is passed through them. In order for electrolysis to occur mass transfer is required between the electrode .Michael Faradays Second Law of Electrolysis was established in 1934 and states that â€Å"If the same quantity of electricity (electric charge) is passed through different electrolytes, the mass of a substance librated or deposited altered at an electrode is directly proportional to their chemical equivalents†. This law recognized the quantitative relationship  Ã‚   between current and equivalents of elements. The ficks law of diffusion formulae verified this quantitative relationship which enabled In recent years, mercury electrodes were still widely used in the detection of heavy metals by anodic stripping analysis due to its unique features. Heavy metal ions are reversibly reduced to form amalgams with the thin film of mercury on the electrode surface.   The mercury film electrode is formed by electrodeposition onto an electrode which is subsequent stripping of these metals allows the quantification of these metal ions. Mercury is an important electrode in terms of cathodic process study. Due to its low boiling point mercury as an electrode can be used in many forms these include dropping, streaming and pool configuration. 1.2.1 Types of mercury electrodes There are different types of mercury electrode these are as follows Dropping mercury electrode:   This working electrode is usually associated with the voltammetric technique polarography used for environmental analysis, especially for marine study.DME is made from 10-20 cm of glassy capillary tubes with internal diameter of 0.05mm. These dimensions and specification is chose to increase efficiency of the electrode. For example the length of the capillary tubes provides enough static head space to provide a drop time of 3-10 s. There are a number of variations of DME. The vertical orifice capillary has a capillary bent at 90 degrees and removes effect of maxim and depletion where as the Teflon DME is made specifically for   use in solution.   The reproducibility and vast knowledge about literature make this one of the best electrode for use in electrochemical analysis. Mercury film electrode: a mercury film is formed on an electrode substrate for example glassy carbon, carbon paste and pencil-lead etc.   During voltammetric analysis mercury film forms an amalgam with the analyte of interest, which upon oxidation results in a sharp peak, improving resolution between analytes. Hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE): this is very similar to the DME however HDME produces partial mercury drop of controlled geometry and surface area at the end of a capillary where as DME steadily releases drops of mercury during an experiments. HDME is used for voltammetric techniques requiring stationary electrodes. Mercury-plated electrodes: mercury is electroplated onto a solid electrode. Mercury forms a film or an assembly of micro droplets depending on the substrate on which it is plated. Electrode substrates Types of electrode substrate Glassy carbon electrodes: Produced by placing a thick sheet of glassy carbon into a glassy tube with epoxy cement. The surface of the electrode is then polished until it becomes smooth. Carbon paste electrodes: made by the mixture of graphite and nujol until it develops the consistency of a paste. Carbon cloth electrode: carbon cloth have voltage ranges similar to that of carbon electrode The process of formation is by heating woven hydrocarbon polymer fabric to high temperatures. Platinum electrodes: This involves the use of a fine powder known as platinum black placed on solid platinum. Gold electrode: With the ability to be made into different forms i.e. rods, disc etc it is one of the most commonly used electrodes. Indium tin oxide electrode: transparent electrode generally used for Spectra electrochemical measurement In this case glassy carbon will be used as our electrode substrate, this is because of the many advantage glassy carbon has as an electrode substrate. Glassy carbon has good conductivity, low electrical resistance, thermal expansion coefficient is small, hard texture, good gas tightness, a wide scope of application of electric potential (from about -1 ~ 1V), chemical stability, can be made of cylindrical, disc, etc. These properties make it ideal for use in voltammetric analysis as it allow the flow of current in a controlled way and facilitate the transfer of charge to and from the analyte   electrode shape, use it as a matrix can also be made of mercury film glassy carbon electrode and chemically modified electrodes. In the electrochemical experiments or electroanalytical chemistry has been increasing wide range of applications. Advantages and disadvantages of mercury electrodes The mercury film forms Mercury as an electrode is advantageous for many reasons these include its ability to release the contaminated drop and grow a clean drop between each experiment unlike solid electrodes which are required to cleaned and undergo a polishing step in order to prevent contamination of the electrode. This also means the electrode is independent of its past history. Metal ions can be deposited from acidic solutions thought thermodynamic state this is impossible without the formation of hydrogen which causes overvoltage which is associated with the reduction of hydrogen ions. Mercury however has a few limitations, one of which is its ease in oxidation, this causes a limitation in the range of anodic potentials used.   When dealing with potential greater than + 0.4 V mercury (I) is formed causing a wave that masks the curve of other oxidized species. This occurs at lower potentials in the presence of precipitating ion or mercury (I) complexes.   However the single greatest danger mercury poses as an electrode is its high level of toxicity. Mercury as a compound must be handled carefully, since its toxicity has very serious implications for the health and the environment. Mercury has a major impact on the environment due to its ability to progressively build up in successive trophic levels as well as along the food chain by a process of biomagnification. Over time this build up migrate across both biotic (other organisms) and abiotic (soil, air, and water) sources. At the top levels of the aquatic food web are fish-eating species, such as humans, seabirds, seals etc .In a study performed by the environmental protection agency US of fur-bearing animals in Wisconsin, the species with the highest tissue levels of mercury were otter and mink, which are top mammalian predators in the aquatic food chain. Top avian predators of aquatic food chains include osprey and bald eagle. Thus, mercury is shown transferred and accumulated through several food web levels. Aquatic food webs tend to have more levels than terrestrial webs, where wildlife predators rarely feed on each other, and therefore the aquatic biomagnification typically reaches higher values .In terms of health hazard mercury exposure may result in severe neurological effects, symptoms include convulsions, fits, and highly erratic movements. This was seen in Minamata, Japan, from about 1950-1952 where birds experienced severe difficulties in flying as well as domestic animals, especially cats whose diets were high in seafood exhibiting abnormal behaviour. This exposure was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporations chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968. Chemically modified electrodes The ability of an electrode can be increased by means of chemical modification through the addition of atoms, molecules or nano particles to the surface of the bare electrode increasing its functionality over a wide range. Due to the many disadvantages mercury poses as an electrode, potential replacements for mercury are continually sought. The introduction of bismuth as an alternative has many significant advantages. It has been demonstrated that Bi is a good alternative since it is less toxic and easy to handle. The abilities of bismuth as an electrode are comparable to that of mercury and are attributed Thin Bi film is thus a good substitute candidate for the detection of heavy metals. Bi will be deposited onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using electrodeposition thereby causing heavy metal ions to form an amalgam with Bi.   ASV will be used to determine the concentration of heavy metals. The method by which bismuth is coated on to a electrode plays a huge part in its potential as an electrode. There three main methods by which bismuth may be coated onto an electrode. Ex-situ plating: This process involves the bismuth ions in a solution being moved toward the working electrode which in this case is glassy carbon, by an electric field form by passing a current through the electrode there by forming a bismuth film on the electrode. The coated electrode can then be transferred into a sample containing the analyte to be quantified. For the best formation of the film bismuth must be pre-plated in a low ph condition this is because bismuth has a tendency to hydrolyse when in alkaline conditions dues to the presence of water molecule splitting. Acidic conditions catalyse this polymer degradation. Figure The molecular structure of bismuth nitrate pent hydrate In-situ plating: In this process the bismuth film is coats the electrode while the analysis process take s place. It should be noted however in order to do this the concentration of bismuth must exceed that of the analyte of interest. This is because of the possibility of interference due to saturation effects. The method of coating the electrode is superior in that it reduces experimental time as coating and analysis is done simultaneously however this method can only be performed by anodic stripping as it requires a preconcentration step.   In this sense this method is not as versatile as ex-situ plating which can use any analysis method to analyse sample. Bismuth pre-cursor: A bismuth precursor can be used to modify an electrode if potential of about -0.1 V is applied onto an electrode resulting in the formation of metallic bismuth. Bi2O3(s) +3H2O+6e  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2Bi(s) + 6OH Fig The reduction reaction that takes place at the electrode between the electrode and bismuth precursor This method is usually prolific with carbon paste electrodes as it eliminates the need to use anodic stripping to form the film as well as a preplating step before for analysis of sample can take place. Bismuth modified electrode are physically and chemically stable therefore it retains its useful properties in the presence of air, moisture or heat, and under the expected conditions of application.Thus facilitate numerous measurement in different solutions without destroying the film once the electrode is coated with bismuth. This stability can be achieved by the addition of bromide ions (via sodium bromide) to the bismuth solution during the preplating stage of modification. The functionalization of conducting substrates is widely used in electroanalysis in order to confer both selectivity and sensitivity. Ion-exchange membranes are interesting materials for this purpose. Nafion will be drop casted on GCE and then positively charged ions will be incorporated within the negatively charged Nafion film. The application of suitable reduction potential allows the ions to be reduced to their metallic states. ASV will then be employed for the stripping and quantification of these ions. Cu, Zn, and Pb will be the heavy metals ions that will be examined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   chemically modified electrodes (plenty of paper in literature), then Nafion (its uses, applications and so on) Electrochemistry HERE YOU CAM IMPROVE. PLEASE DESCRIBE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AND WHY WE USED differential pulse voltammetry for the quantification of heavy metals Electrochemistry is associated with the analysis of chemical reactions in a solution at the boundary of an electron conductor and ionic conductors where transfer of electrons between the electrode and electrolyte take place. This electron transfer is a mechanistic description of the thermodynamic concept of redox, in which the oxidation states of both reaction partners. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where cations transfer across from a solution –electrode interface via reaction with electrons within the interface. Anions are also transformed within this interface to produce electron, this is all through a series of oxidation and reduction reactions resulting in electrons moving from the anode connected by an external electric circuit to the cathode as a current which is carried by the ions of the supporting electrolyte. The solubility and stability of sample determines which solvent system should be used. Once this is determined compatible supporting electrolyte can be used without causing interference with the oxidation-reduction reaction. Cyclic voltammetry It enables the electrode potential to be rapidly scanned in search of redox couples. Once located, a couple can then be characterized from the potentials of peaks on the cyclic voltammogram and from changes caused by variation of the scan rate. Differential pulse voltammetry Electrochemistry has found extensive applications for the study of chemical reactions. Anodic stripping voltammetry This method of analysis which quantitatively determines the specific ionic species; the analyte of interest is electroplated on the working electrode through a deposition step. During a stripping stage the analyte is oxidised and the current is measured. The oxidation of elemental species is registered as peaks in the current signal at the potential at which the species is being oxidised. The stripping may either be linear, square, wave etc in the case of this experiment it is pulse and cyclic. Four steps of anodic stripping Cleaning: the potential is held at a oxidize state greater than that of the analyte for a period of time to remove it from the electrode. Potential held at a lower potential: The potential of the system is held sufficiently low enough to reduce the analyte and deposit it on the electrode. Deposited material spread evenly on electrode: If solid inert electrode is used this step is not needed. Working electrode is raised to a higher potential and stripping (oxidization) of the analyte as analyte is oxidised it emits electrons which are measured as current. Reference electrode is an electrode with potential which is a) independentof analyte (or other) ions in solution; b)Independent of temperature.In case of figure 2, the electrode sensitive to hydrogen ions is an indicator electrode. Potentialof an indicator electrode depends mainly on the concentration of the analyte ions (in this case hydrogen ions). 2. Experimental determination of trace metals in the Samples 2.1. Apparatus In these experiments, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) of 3-mm diameter was used as the working electrode with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a platinum counter electrode. The glassy carbon electrode was polished with alumina powder (0.3 and 05 alpha) and polishing pad.   These three electrodes are used in conjunction with an ivium biopotentiostat which was interfaced with a personal computer. A conventional three-electrode cell arrangement was used for voltammetric measurements. Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry was performed anodically to detect trace metals. Experiment was performed at room temperature (22ÌŠ C ±1) 2.2. Reagents All chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade and used without further purification. Bismuth (II) nitrate pentahydry, sodium bromide, potassium hexcyanoferrate(II), copper(II)nitrate hydrate, lead(II)nitrate, hexaammineruthenium(III)chloride, iron(II)nitrate Methanol and zinc nitrate hexahydrate standard stock solutions (1000  mg/L, atomic absorption standard solution) were obtained from sigma-Aldrich. Potassium hexcyanoferrate (II) and hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride are redox mediators.0.1  M acetate buffer (pH 4.65) also obtained from sigma-Aldrich was used as supporting electrolyte. Glassy carbon was supplied by sigma-Aldrich and deionised water (18  MÃŽ ©Ã‚  cm) was used throughout. Nafion ®117 polymer from sigma-Aldrich and Bismuth (II) nitrate pentahydry was used to produce electrode films. All chemicals used in the experiment are for research and development purposes. 2.3. Electrode preparation 2.3.1 Cleaning and Setting up the GCE This involves the glassy carbon surface being polished with micro-sized abrasives in order to expose a new surface. A plastic Petri dish is prepared and a polishing pad placed into the dish. A few grams of 0.3 alpha alumina powder was placed onto the polishing pad and a solution was made by the addition of deionised water. The GCE was held at right angle to the pad, and polished in a circular motion until the GCE looked like a mirror surface.   The electrode was rinsed with distilled water and air dried. Ex-situ preparation of bismuth film electrode The ex-situ bismuth film electrode was prepared by deposition of metallic bismuth onto a glassy carbon substrate electrode from 0.1M acetate buffer solution (ph 4.65) containing 100mg/L bismuth (II) nitrate pentahydry by applying a potential of -1.0V for 5mins with the biopotentiostat while the solution was stirred. Bismuth film electrode in the presence of bromide ions (sodium bromide) was prepared similarly from 0.1 M acetate buffer solution (ph 4.5) containing 50mg/L bismuth (II) and 50mg/L sodium bromide by applying a potential of 0.3V for 60s. This electrode was then transfer into a sample to analyse the analyte of interest. 2.4. Procedure Setting up the ivium biopotentiostat The ivium biopotentiostat, the computer CPU and the computer monitor are turn on at the mains. The computer is manually turned by pressing the on button on the CPU, after which the monitor will display a login screen. Once logged in the ivium soft icon on the desktop was double clicked to open the program. The parameters for the ivium biopotentiostat must be set. These settings change dependent on which method is being used. For example Differential pulse stripping voltammetry was used to quantify amount of copper in a 1 mM solution of potassium nitrate in deionised water by the following method. Click on Method and under the list of electroanalysis select Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry. In the Parameter Box, set the E start (V) = -0.35 and the E end (V) = 0.6 (the potential range within which the analyte is determined), Current Range =100mA, Pulse time (ms) =10, Pulse amplitude (mV) =10, E step (mV) =25, Scan rate (V/s) =0.05 and the pre-treatment Time (sec) = 300. Cyclic voltammetry   was used to analyse the affect of scan rate by increasing the scan rate on Nafion modified GCE in a1mM solution of potassium nitrate in 0.1 M acetate buffer at ph 4.65 at different scan -rates : Click on Method and under the list of cyclic voltammetry select standard. In the Parameter Box, set the E start (V) = -0.4, Vertex 1(V) =0.7, Vertex 2(V) =-0.4, Current Range =1mA, E step (mV) =10 and Scan rate (V/s) =0.1. Once the settings were selected and the electrodes were connected the system was run by selecting start.   The run is completed when the graph appears on the screen and the computer makes a beeping sound. The graph of results was then analysed. Preparation of a 1.0 mM Potassium chloride solution To prepare a solution of 1.0 mM potassium nitrate approximately 0.0046 g of potassium nitrate was weigh out in a clean dry weighing boat using a balance and placed into a 50 ml beaker.   Solution is made up by dilution to a volume of 15ml with deionised water and mix well until the potassium chloride dissolves. Preparation of a 1.0 mM Potassium chloride and hexaamineruthenine solution To prepare a solution of 1.0 mM potassium nitrate and hexaamineruthenine approximately 0.0046 g of potassium nitrate and 0.111g of hexaamineruthenine was weigh out in a clean dry weighing boat using a balance and placed into a 50 ml beaker.   Solution is made up by dilution to a volume of 15ml with deionised water and mix well until the potassium Cyclic voltammetry calculations for the effect of scan rate The cyclic voltammogram is characterized by the peak potential Ep, at which the current reaches a maximum value and by the value of the current ip. When the reduction process is reversible, the peak current is again given by the relation – Ip = 0.4463 nFA (Da) 1/2Cb – (1) With a=   =  at 25ÌŠC – (2) This relation results from the set of differential equations for fick’s law of diffusion. In term of adjustable parameters the peak current is given by the Randle-Sevcik equation. This equation describes the effect of scan rate on the peak current ip. The equation is given by- Ip= 2.69 Ãâ€"105n3/2AD1/2Cbv1/2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at 25ÌŠC– (3) Figure Cyclic voltammogram where ipc and ipa show the peak cathodic and anodic current respectively for a reversible reaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of scan rate The effects of Scan rate was examined by increasing the scan rate from 50mV/s to 1000mV/s for a 1 mM solution of potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water. As the scan rate increased the current increased The 2,4-DNPHMCPE showed increase in the peak current with increase in scan rate Figure Cyclic voltammetry of   GCE in 1 mM solution of   potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water at different scan -rates   a) 1000 mV/s   b) 750mV/s   c)400 mV/s d)100mv/s e)50mV/s Figure Cyclic voltammetry of   Nafion modified GCE in a 1 mM solution of   potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water at different scan -rates   a) 1000 mV/s   b) 750mV/s   c)400 mV/s d)100mv/s e)50mV/s Nafion after(04/02/2011) Figure Cyclic voltammetry of   Nafion modified GCE in a 1 mM solution of   potassium chloride + hexaamineruthenine in deionised water at different scan -rates   a) 750 mV/s   b) 400mV/s   c)200 mV/s d)100mv/s e)50mV/s f)20mV/s Bismuth in acetate baseline Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µLd) 40 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of zinc. a) 400 µL b) 300 µL c) 200 µLd) 150 µL e) 100 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of zinc. a) 600 µL b) 500 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µL  Ã‚   d) 40 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of GCE in a 1mM solution of potassium nitrate and deionised water different concentrations of copper (II) nitrate added. a) 750 µL b) 450 µL c) 150 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry Nafion modified of GCE in a 1mM solution of potassium nitrate and deionised water with different concentrations of copper (II) nitrate additions. a) 650 µL b) 450 µL c) 150 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µL  Ã‚   d) 40 µL Figure Differential pulse voltammetry of bismuth modified GCE in a 0.1 M solution of acetate buffer at ph 4.65 with different concentrations of lead. a) 120 µL b) 100 µL c) 80 µL  Ã‚   d) 40 µL Figure cyclic voltammetry of Nafion modified GCE in a1mM solution of iron (II) in 0.1 acetate buffer at ph 4.65 at different scan -rates. a) 100mV/s b) 50mV/s c) 20mV/s Figure cyclic voltammetry of Nafion modified GCE in a1mM solution of potassium nitrate in 0.1 M acetate buffer at ph 4.65 at different scan -rates. a) 100mV/s b) 50mV/s c) 20mV/s Conclusion ASA = Anodic stripping voltammetry AAS = Atomic absorption spectrometry Bi = Bismuth DME = Drop mercury electrode Reference Electrode kinetics: principles and methodology  By C. H. Bamford, R. G. Compton Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, eighth edition Electrochemistry for chemists http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_mercury_drop_electrode chem.unep.ch/mercury/report/Chapter5.htm epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/reports/volume6.pdf http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-p01-plants.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration

SMOKING AS A HEART DISEASE FACTOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SMOKING AS A HEART DISEASE FACTOR - Essay Example A direct link has been identified between lung cancer and tobacco smoking, as well as other links to respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and emphysema, and to coronary heart diseases (Pocket Dictionary of Biology 1999.) Several clinical trials support these findings as well (Kunz1, Pechlaner, Ho, & Pfister 2005). Smoking increases the risk of developing heart disease and is the leading cause of premature and preventable deaths in the United States alone (Cohen 1999). Smoking is a major risk factor for developing heart disease as it indirectly affects how the heart works and creates an imbalance in the cardiovascular system. For example, smoking causes emphysema, where the lungs lose their elasticity and the individual is often left short of breath. One of the heart's functions is to deliver oxygen, so the reduced surface area in the lungs results in an increased demand for oxygen by the lungs and other muscular organs and tissue. As a result of this increased demand, the heart has to work harder to compensate for this imbalance. If this happens over a long period of time, the heart muscles will weaken and/or change (e.g. heart enlargement, hardening of arteries, fatty deposits) and combined with other risk factors, will lead to heart disease. N The following points summarise the ways in which smoking affects the cardiovascular system. Smoking increases the levels of carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas. In the long term this gas contributes to the damaged lining of blood vessels and artery hardening (Black 1992). Smoking raises blood levels of fibrinogen which is a clotting agent that causes blood platelets to stick together, increasing the risk of blood clots and blockages in the vascular system (Black 1992). Nicotine raises blood pressure and the heart rate which results in the heart working harder. It also constricts the coronary arteries which results in less supply of blood and oxygen to the heart (Black 1992). However, it is important to be aware of the nature of the various forms of heart disease, as this will increase our understanding of how smoking directly affects the working of the heart and the cardiovascular system. Heart Disease Heart disease consists of a variety of diseases that directly affect the workings of the heart. Arteriosclerotic disease is a result of the occurrence of fatty deposits inside the coronary arteries and blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle. When the blood supply from these vessels is slowed down or ceases, the individual will most probably experience angina or a heart attack. High blood pressure occurs when the heart encounters a higher resistance in the blood vessels outside the heart. This results in the enlargement of the heart and thickening of the heart muscle. (Cohen 1992) These factors contribute to reduced efficiency in the cardiovascular system as the heart now requires more oxygen to function and strains its muscle. It also speeds up the process of atherosclerosis by driving blood fat and cholesterol into the blood vessel walls increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Heart failure occurs when the heart becomes excessively stiff or fatigued from worki ng too hard, either because it must pump against too strong a resistance or because there has been a loss of heart